Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder in which red blood cells become rigid and sickle-shaped. This abnormal shape reduces their ability to carry oxygen and often blocks blood flow to vital organs. As a result, sicklers may experience painful crises, life-threatening complications, and a shortened life expectancy—on average reduced by about 20 years.

Sickle cell disease can affect anyone. However, it is more commonly seen among people of African descent. 

Sickle cell disease develops when a child inherits two sickle cell genes—one from each parent.

Sickle Cell Trait

• If you carry the trait, most of your red blood cells are normal, though a few may be sickle-shaped
• Having the trait alone does not cause illness

Inheritance Patterns

• If both parents have the trait, their child has a chance of inheriting two sickle cell genes and developing sickle cell disease
• If only one parent has the trait, the child may inherit the trait but will not develop the disease. Instead, they become a carrier and can pass the gene to future generations

Because of this, it is very important to get tested before starting a family. A simple blood test called Hb electrophoresis can confirm whether you or your partner carry the trait. This test is available at BAFROW Medical Centre and takes only a few minutes.

People living with sickle cell disease may experience a wide range of symptoms. The most common is intense, often unpredictable pain, known as a pain crisis.

Other symptoms and complications can include:

• Fatigue
• Acute chest syndrome (a serious lung complication)
• Chronic anaemia
• Fever
• Frequent infections (due to spleen damage)
• Blood clots
• Vision problems or vision loss
• Liver and kidney complications
• Respiratory difficulties
• Bone tissue deterioration
• Organ damage
• Stroke

Children are particularly vulnerable and at greater risk of developing severe complications, making early diagnosis and consistent care essential.

There is currently no universal cure for most people living with sickle cell disease.

Bone Marrow Transplant: The only established curative option is a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant. Success of the transplant depends on finding a suitable donor, which can be difficult. The procedure is intensive, expensive and not widely accessible.

On-going Care: For most patients, lifelong management is required. This includes:

• Emergency medical care to treat or manage pain crises and other complications such as infections, anaemia or organ damage
• Supportive treatments—such as medications, blood transfusions and preventive care— to help improve quality of life and reduce risks.

If you live with or care for someone who has sickle cell disease, you can help by:

• Ensuring they have access to the proper medication, care and emotional support at home
• Making sure they receive regular medical check-ups
• Never underestimating the severity of their pain
• Learning about the condition and supporting them in avoiding triggers that could worsen their symptoms or lead to complications

You can reduce the risk of passing it on to your children by:

• Visiting your nearest health facility to check if you carry the sickle cell trait
• Encouraging your partner to get tested before deciding to have children.

Knowing both partners’ status helps in making responsible choices when planning a family.